Other Imp. Topics

Different Logos

Car Logos

Indian Bank Logos

IIT Logos

1. IIT Kharagpur IITKGP
2. IIT Bombay IITB
3. IIT Kanpur IITK
4. IIT Madras IITM
5. IIT Delhi IITD
6. IIT Guwahati IITG
7. IIT Roorkee IITR
8. IIT Bhubaneswar IITBBS
9. IIT Gandhinagar IITGN
10. IIT Hyderabad IITH
11. IIT Jodhpur IITJ
12. IIT Patna IITP
13. IIT Ropar IITRPR
14. IIT Indore IITI
15. IIT Mandi IITMandi
16. IIT (BHU) Varanasi IIT(BHU)
17. IIT Palakkad IITPKD (Est. in 2015)
18. IIT Tirupati IITTP (Est. in 2015)
19. IIT (ISM) Dhanbad IIT(ISM) (Est. in 2016)
20. IIT Bhilai  IITC (Est. in 2016)
21. IIT Goa IITGoa (Est. in 2016)
22. IIT Jammu (Est. in 2016)
23. IIT Dharwad IITDH (Est. in 2016)

Paper Sizes

Many paper size standards conventions have existed at different times and in different countries. Today, there is one widespread international ISO standard (including A4, B3, C4, etc.) and a local standard used in North America(including letter, legal, ledger, etc.). The paper sizes affect writing paper,stationery, cards, and some printed documents. The standards also have related sizes for envelopes.

The most frequently used paper size is A4 measuring 210 by 297 millimetres (8.27 in × 11.7 in)

In addition to the A series, there is a less common B series. 

The C series is used only for envelopes and is defined inISO 269. The area of C series sheets is the geometric mean of the areas of the A and B series sheets of the same number; for instance, the area of a C4 sheet is the geometric mean of the areas of an A4 sheet and a B4 sheet. This means that C4 is slightly larger than A4, and slightly smaller than B4. The practical usage of this is that a letter written on A4 paper fits inside a C4 envelope, and C4 paper fits inside a B4 envelope.

What is Ethnography:

Ethnography is an investigation and the systematic recording of human cultures. Culture is defined by Massey as being "...made up of certain values, practices, relationships and identifications."

Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior that is the totality of a person's learned,

accumulated experience, which is socially transmitted.Ethnography is one of the qualitative methods used in anthropology, which is a study of human beings (in social, cultural and even biological context). As a method, it requires complete immersion of the researcher or ethnographer in the field amidst the participants s(he) is studying,for a prolonged duration.

Image file formats

Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed, compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device displaying it 

Raster Images

in raster images, Image file size is positively correlated to the number of pixels in an image

and the color depth, or bits per pixel, of the image. Images can be compressed in various ways, however. Compression uses an algorithm that stores an exact representation or an approximation of the original image in a smaller number of bytes. Considering different compressions, it is common for two images of the same number of pixels and color depth to have a very different compressed file size. 

Raster formats

JPEG/JFIF

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a lossy compression method; JPEG-compressed images are usually stored in the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) file format.

JPEG 2000

JPEG 2000 is a compression standard enabling both lossless and lossy storage. The compression methods used are different from the ones in standard JFIF/JPEG; they improve quality and compression ratios, but also require more computational power to process.

Exif

The Exif (Exchangeable image file format) format is a file standard similar to the JFIF format with TIFF extensions; it is incorporated in the JPEG-writing software used in most cameras. Its purpose is to record and to standardize the exchange of images with image metadata between digital cameras and editing and viewing software.

TIFF

The TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) format is a flexible format that normally saves eight bits or sixteen bits per color (red, green, blue) for 24-bit and 48-bit totals, respectively, usually using either the TIFF or TIF filename extension.

GIF

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is in normal use limited to an 8-bit palette, or 256 colors (while 24-bit color depth is technically possible).GIF is most suitable for storing graphics with few colors.

BMP

The BMP file format (Windows bitmap) handles graphic files within the Microsoft Windows OS. Typically, BMP files are uncompressed, and therefore large and lossless.

PNG

The PNG (Portable Network Graphics) file format was created as a free, open-source alternative to GIF. The PNG file format supports eight-bit paletted images (with optional transparency for all palette colors) and 24-bit truecolor (16 million colors) or 48-bit truecolor with and without alpha channel - while GIF supports only 256 colors and a single transparent color.

PPM, PGM, PBM, and PNM

The portable pixmap file format (PPM), the portable graymap file format (PGM) and the portable bitmap file format (PBM).

WebP

WebP is a new open image format that uses both lossless and lossy compression. It was designed by Google to reduce image file size to speed up web page loading.

HDR raster formats

HEIF(High Efficiency Image File Format)

BPG(Better Portable Graphics)

Other raster formats

• CD5 (Chasys Draw Image)
• DEEP (IFF-style format used by TVPaint)
• ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet)
• FITS (Flexible Image Transport System)
• FLIF (Free Lossless Image Format
• ICO, container for one or more icons (subsets of BMP and/or PNG)
• ILBM (IFF-style format for up to 32 bit in planar representation, plus optional 64 bit extensions)
• IMG (ERDAS IMAGINE Image)
• JPEG XR (New JPEG standard based on Microsoft HD Photo)
• Layered Image File Format for microscope image processing
• Nrrd (Nearly raw raster data)
• PAM (Portable Arbitrary Map) is a late addition to the Netpbm family
• PCX (Personal Computer eXchange), obsolete
• PGF (Progressive Graphics File)
• PLBM - Planar Bitmap, proprietary Amiga format
• SGI
• SID (multiresolution seamless image database, MrSID)
• Sun Raster is an obsolete format
• TGA (TARGA), obsolete
• VICAR file format (NASA/JPL image transport format)

Container formats of raster graphics editors

These image formats contain various images, layers and objects, out of which the final image is to be composed

• CPT (Corel Photo Paint)
• PSD (Adobe PhotoShop Document)
• PSP (Corel Paint Shop Pro)
• XCF (eXperimental Computing Facility format, native GIMP format)

Vector images

Vector images, unlike raster images, can be any dimension independent of file size. File size increases only with the addition of more vectors.

For example, a 640 * 480 pixel image with 24-bit color would occupy almost a megabyte of space:

640 * 480 * 24 = 7,372,800 bits = 921,600 bytes 

Vector formats

• CGM

CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is a file format for 2D vector graphics, raster graphics, and text,. CGM provides a means of graphics data interchange for computer representation of 2D graphical information independent from any particular application, system, platform, or device. It has been adopted to some extent in the areas of technical illustration and professional design, but has largely been superseded by formats such as SVG and DXF.

• Gerber format (RS-274X)

• SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)

Other 2D vector formats

• AI (Adobe Illustrator Artwork)
• CDR (CorelDRAW)
• DrawingML
• GEM metafiles (interpreted and written by the Graphical Environment Manager VDI subsystem)
• Graphics Layout Engine
• HPGL, introduced on Hewlett-Packard plotters, but generalized into a printer language
• HVIF (Haiku Vector Icon Format)
• MathML
• NAPLPS (North American Presentation Layer Protocol Syntax)
• ODG (OpenDocument Graphics)
• POV-Ray markup language
• PPT (Microsoft PowerPoint)
• Precision Graphics Markup Language, a W3C submission that was not adopted as a recommendation.
• VML (Vector Markup Language)
• WMF / EMF (Windows Metafile / Enhanced Metafile)
• Xar format used in vector applications from Xara
• XPS (XML Paper Specification)

3D vector formats

• AMF - Additive Manufacturing File Format
• Asymptote - A language that lifts TeX to 3D.
• .blend - Blender
• COLLADA
• .dgn
• .dwf
• .dwg
• .dxf
• eDrawings
• .flt - OpenFlight
• HSF
• IGES
• IMML - Immersive Media Markup Language
• IPA
• JT
• .MA (Maya ASCII format)
• .MB (Maya Binary format)
• .OBJ (Alias|Wavefront file format)
• OpenGEX - Open Game Engine Exchange
• PRC
• STEP
• SKP
• STL - A stereolithography format
• U3D - Universal 3D file format
• VRML - Virtual Reality Modeling Language
• XAML
• XGL
• XVL
• xVRML
• X3D
• .3D
• 3DF
• .3DM
• .3ds - Autodesk 3D Studio
• 3DXML
• X3D - Vector format used in 3D applications from Xara

Compound formats (Metafile)

These are formats containing both pixel and vector data, possible other data, e.g. the interactive features of PDF.

• EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
• PDF (Portable Document Format)
• PostScript, a page description language with strong graphics capabilities
• PICT (Classic Macintosh QuickDraw file)
• SWF (Shockwave Flash)
• XAML User interface language using vector graphics for images.

Stereo formats

• MPO The Multi Picture Object (.mpo) format consists of multiple JPEG images (Camera & Imaging Products Association) (CIPA).
• PNS The PNG Stereo (.pns) format consists of a side-by-side image based on PNG (Portable Network Graphics).
• JPS The JPEG Stereo (.jps) format consists of a side-by-side image format based on JPEG.