Human Anatomy & Ergonomics
Human Anatomy Fundamentals: Basic Body Proportions
General Anatomy of Stick Figure
Let's start from the basics. A common stick figure is constructed of:
Spine and Skull
Before you make a line you must have a clear conception of what you want to draw. In your mind it is necessary to have an idea of what the figure to be drawn is doing. Study the model from different angles. The conception is the real beginning of your drawing.
But one more thing, in CEED preparation you don't need to be a good artist, you have just a brain like a designer, you have to start solving problems around you as quick as you can and work on it, improve it.here is some basics that will help you to solve exam and give you a basic idea of human body.
I think that's all you should know, now move on how to draw stick figures that will help to solve exam speedily.
Let's start from the basics. A common stick figure is constructed of:
- Head: roughly circular
- Facial features (optional): easily recognizable
- Neck (optional): thin and short
- Arms: two of them
- Spine: looking like a third arm
- Legs: two of them
Spine and Skull
Spine
Draw a medium-length vertical line. It is the spine of a stick figure.
Now draw legs
Each joint has its own range of motion.
The spine can use the hip joint, too.
So what is ergonomics (or human factors)?
Benefits:Application of ergonomic principles in various fields provides to better man-machine interaction, healthy and comfortable working environments, enhancement of human performance and efficiency and thus ultimately leads to overall improvement of system’s (man-machine environment) productivity with reduction of error and accidents.Key benefits of application of ergonomics are listed below:• Human fatigue and error can be reduced.• Increase productivity and safety.
• Increase work quality.
• Decrease risk of accidents.
• Improve people attitude.
• More user satisfaction.
• Less absenteeism.
• Reduced lost time , etc.
Basic Ergonomics in Automotive design
Domains of Specialization:
According to international Ergonomics Association (IEA) ergonomics can be broadly classified into:
• Physical Ergonomics
• Cognitive Ergonomics
• Organizational Ergonomics
Right Postures
Wrong Postures
Aspects of ErgonomicsStudy of compatibility issues for proper man-machine interface is very important in ergonomics. Here, focus is generally made on user’s requirement, user’s characteristics and user’s capabilities/limitations for user friendly design. Human compatibility with machine/instrument/work elements are discussed in terms of anthropometric, biomechanical, physiological and cognitive/ psychological aspects.
• Ectomorphs
• Mesomorphs
• Endomorphs
• Ectomorphs:
Due to low fat storage the full body appears to be skinny, lean and thin (fig 2). Abnormal postures are adopted by the people of this category while working, standing, and sitting.
• Mesomorphs:
This type of body contains less fat but well balanced and firmed; usually referred to as muscular (fig. 3). Movements are well coordinated in all the limbs and in the body as a whole.
• Endomorphs:
This body type has increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat
Draw a medium-length vertical line. It is the spine of a stick figure.
Just kidding! Of course, every stick figure has its own personal spine, and it doesn't need to be as straight as.something very straight.
Skull
Add a circle for the skull.By "circle" I mean, of course, something resembling this noble shape. Perfection is overrated.
The legs are not done yet. They're too straight! How is the figure supposed to move?
To give our stick figure full mobility we need to add joints to every leg:
- Hip
- Knee
- Ankle and toes
Each joint has its own range of motion.
The spine can use the hip joint, too.
The arm has three joints that make it very mobile:
- Shoulder
- Elbow
- Wrist and fingers
The spine is attached between the buttocks. If humans had tails, this is where one would start.
:D
Perspective and Proportions
Perspective very useful. However, it's much simpler than you may think. Perspective defines what happens to the view in transition, for example between front and side.
If you want to turn the stick figure around, simply imagine one side turning into the other side. Imagine a transitional form between two sides. For example, if in the front view two arms are visible, and in the side view one arm overlaps the other, in the transition one arm is coming closer to the point where it will be overlapped.
Now, Time to practice!!
You're now ready to practice gestures—a base for the human figure. If you manage to practice at least 15 minutes every day, congratulations—you're on the way to drawing interesting, dynamic human poses without a reference!
now the turn to know about ergonomics..
So what is ergonomics (or human factors)?
Ergonomics is about designing for people, wherever they interact with products, systems or processes. We usually don’t notice good design (unless perhaps, it’s exceptional) because it gives us no cause to, but we do notice poor design. The emphasis within ergonomics is to ensure that designs complement the strengths and abilities of people and minimize the effects of their limitations, rather than forcing them to adapt. In achieving this aim, it becomes necessary to understand and design for the variability represented in the population, spanning such attributes as age, size, strength, cognitive ability, prior experience, cultural expectations and goals. Qualified ergonomists are the only recognized professionals to have competency in optimizing performance, safety and comfort. The IEHF is the only body in the UK managing and representing this competency.
Applications and Benefits:
Applications:Ergonomics continues to be successfully applied in the fields of workplace design, occupational health, safety, product design, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, health care, IT sectors, transportation, training, nuclear power plant, virtual environments, industrial design and so on.
Applications:Ergonomics continues to be successfully applied in the fields of workplace design, occupational health, safety, product design, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, health care, IT sectors, transportation, training, nuclear power plant, virtual environments, industrial design and so on.
Benefits:Application of ergonomic principles in various fields provides to better man-machine interaction, healthy and comfortable working environments, enhancement of human performance and efficiency and thus ultimately leads to overall improvement of system’s (man-machine environment) productivity with reduction of error and accidents.Key benefits of application of ergonomics are listed below:• Human fatigue and error can be reduced.• Increase productivity and safety.
• Increase work quality.
• Decrease risk of accidents.
• Improve people attitude.
• More user satisfaction.
• Less absenteeism.
• Reduced lost time , etc.
Basic Ergonomics in Automotive design
Domains of Specialization:
According to international Ergonomics Association (IEA) ergonomics can be broadly classified into:
• Physical Ergonomics
• Cognitive Ergonomics
• Organizational Ergonomics
Physical Ergonomics:
It is concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric, physiological and bio mechanical characteristics as they related to physical activity. Relevant topics may include working postures,material handling, repetitive movements, work related muscoskeletal disorders, workplace layout, health and safety.
Cognitive Ergonomics:
A proper fit of a product to a user does not end with physical interfaces. Cognitive / perceptual ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system and Human computer interaction design.
A proper fit of a product to a user does not end with physical interfaces. Cognitive / perceptual ergonomics is concerned with mental processes, such as perception, memory, reasoning, and motor response, as they affect interactions among humans and other elements of a system.Relevant topics include mental workload, decision-making, skilled performance, human-computer interaction, human reliability, work stress and training as these may relate to human-system and Human computer interaction design.
Organizational Ergonomics:
It is concerned with the optimization of socio technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. Relevant topics include communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.
It is concerned with the optimization of socio technical systems, including their organizational structures, policies, and processes. Relevant topics include communication, crew resource management, work design, design of working times, teamwork, community ergonomics, cooperative work, new work programs, virtual organizations, telework, and quality management.
Anthropometry:
Anthropometry is the subject which deals with the measurements of the human external body dimensions in static and dynamic conditions. Anthropometric data is used for product and workplace design.
Anthropometry is of two types:
• Static Anthropometry
• Dynamic Anthropometry
Static Anthropometry:
External human body dimensional measurement taken when a man is placed in a rigid static position i.e. standing, sitting, or other adopted postures.
Dynamic Anthropometry:
The dimensional measurement of human body with various movements taken into consideration in different adopted postures which the work context demands are termed dynamic anthropometry.
To understand anthropometry, knowledge of body planes and somato-types are essential. These imaginary planes (fig. 1) are used for the identification of relationship between the position of things and postural configuration, and for description of any location.
Somatotypes:
The human body types are classified according to the contents of fat in the body. These are ectomorphis, mesomorphs and endomorphs.• Ectomorphs
• Mesomorphs
• Endomorphs
• Ectomorphs:
Due to low fat storage the full body appears to be skinny, lean and thin (fig 2). Abnormal postures are adopted by the people of this category while working, standing, and sitting.
• Mesomorphs:
This type of body contains less fat but well balanced and firmed; usually referred to as muscular (fig. 3). Movements are well coordinated in all the limbs and in the body as a whole.
• Endomorphs:
This body type has increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat
very useful and detailed information. Thanks!
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